Coffee Arabica · Origin deep dive

No single load port — delivery is into ICE-licensed warehouses in Antwerp, Hamburg/Bremen, Barcelona, New York, Houston, New Orleans and Miami.

Washed arabica basis Central-milds type from roughly twenty tenderable growths, graded by exchange cuppers; Brazilian naturals and robustas are not deliverable.

Certified stocks sit graded in exchange warehouses; the certified-stock count and its Brazil/Colombia mix are watched as a daily supply barometer.

Trade houses, producer hedgers, roasters and managed-money funds use the C for hedging and price discovery rather than physical sourcing.

Contract months are March, May, July, September and December, with liquidity rolling through the year across both hemispheres' harvests.

Managed-money positioning, certified-stock draws, Brazilian weather scares and USD/BRL swings drive the flat price every origin differentials against.

Ships overwhelmingly through Santos — terminals around Valongo and Guarujá — after dry-milling in hubs like Varginha, Patrocínio and Machado.

Classic Santos 2/3 naturals, fine cup, screen 17/18 down to 14/16, sun-dried on patios with tight defect counts under Brazilian official classification.

Truck haul from Minas to Santos, then containerized in 60kg bags or bulk liner bags, with Cecafé coordinating export documentation and flows.

The base blend for JDE, Nestlé, illy and Lavazza plus every major trade house — Volcafe, LDC, Sucafina, ofi — and specialty micro-lot buyers.

Harvest runs May to September in the dry season, with new-crop shipments peaking September through December.

July frost risk, flowering-season drought, the biennial crop cycle and BRL moves dominate — a Brazilian weather scare moves the C itself.

Loads FOB Vitória through the Capuaba and Tubarão complexes, close to the Conilon belt in northern Espírito Santo and southern Bahia.

Conilon robusta, typically screen 13 fine-cup grades for soluble and espresso blends, priced off London robusta rather than the arabica C.

Short inland haul to Vitória keeps freight cheap, but a large share of Conilon is absorbed domestically by Brazil's own soluble industry.

Soluble manufacturers and blenders — Brazilian instant-coffee exporters first, then international robusta buyers when the Vietnam arbitrage opens.

Harvest runs April to August, ahead of the arabica peak, with exportable surplus shipping mid-year onward.

Espírito Santo drought (as in 2015-16), domestic soluble demand pull, and the Vietnam robusta arbitrage set whether Conilon exports flow at all.

Buenaventura on the Pacific is the main gate, with Cartagena and Santa Marta alternates, fed by Almacafé and private dry mills.

High-grown washed milds — Excelso EP screen 15+ is the export workhorse, Supremo screen 17/18 the premium cut — with FNC quality guarantee.

Long mountain truck hauls from Huila and Nariño to port, containerized in bags or bulk; road blockades can strand coffee inland for weeks.

Starbucks, Nestlé and the big roasters for Colombian milds, plus specialty buyers chasing Nariño and Huila micro-lots via FNC and independents.

Main crop October to January with a mitaca fly crop April to June, giving Colombia near year-round fresh availability.

La Niña rains, leaf rust pressure, COP swings, Buenaventura strikes and rural security all whip the Colombian differential around.

Exports through Callao near Lima after milling, with parchment trucked from La Merced and Satipo over the Andes on the Carretera Central.

Smallholder washed arabica, Grade 1 / MCM export preps, with one of the world's largest organic and Fairtrade certified supply bases.

The Andean road haul is the choke point — landslides and social blockades routinely delay parchment reaching Lima-area dry mills and Callao.

Certified-blend buyers in Europe and North America — cooperative-linked importers and commercial roasters needing organic/FT cover — plus specialty lots.

Harvest runs April to September moving north through the selva, with the shipment peak June through December.

Leaf rust legacy, El Niño weather, political unrest and road blockades, and the health of organic certification premiums drive the differential.

Ships FOB Guayaquil, Ecuador's container hub, after milling in the southern sierra around Loja, Vilcabamba and Zamora-Chinchipe.

High-altitude washed and natural arabicas, Typica and Bourbon heavy, sold as scored specialty micro-lots rather than standard export grades.

Boutique volumes move as LCL consolidations or even airfreight; the long truck run from Loja to Guayaquil adds cost to already thin lots.

Specialty roasters in East Asia, the US and Europe pay Taza Dorada-style premiums; there is essentially no commercial-grade export program.

Southern-highland harvest runs roughly June to October, with fresh-crop offers late in the calendar year.

Dollarized costs make Ecuador structurally expensive, so volumes hinge on specialty demand, labor scarcity and small-farm profitability.

Landlocked Bolivia exports via Chilean ports, mainly Arica in transit, after milling around Caranavi and La Paz.

High-altitude washed arabica — Typica and Caturra micro-lots from Caranavi — cupping at strong specialty scores despite tiny national volume.

Coffee trucks down from the Yungas to La Paz mills, then over the altiplano to Arica under transit regimes — slow, costly, small-lot freight.

Specialty importers and competition-focused roasters take nearly everything; there is no meaningful commercial-grade flow.

Harvest runs roughly May to September, with export shipments concentrated in the second half of the year.

Coca economics competing for land and labor, landlocked freight friction, and Bolivian political instability dominate this micro origin.

Loads FOB Puerto Quetzal on the Pacific, with Santo Tomás on the Atlantic as alternate, after milling in Guatemala City and regional beneficios.

Strictly Hard Bean EP washed arabica, with Anacafé-defined regional denominations — volcanic Antigua and high, remote Huehuetenango command the sharpest premiums.

Containerized flows with short hauls to Quetzal from the central highlands, though Huehuetenango parchment travels long mountain roads first.

US and Japanese specialty roasters anchor demand for Antigua and Huehue lots, while commercial SHB feeds premium blends via the trade houses.

Harvest runs December to April by altitude, with fresh-crop shipments concentrated March through August.

Leaf rust, hurricanes, labor migration to the US thinning picker supply, and quetzal strength move Guatemalan differentials.

Ships through Puerto Limón/Moín on the Caribbean side (Caldera the Pacific alternate) after processing at Tarrazú's dense network of micro-mills.

Strictly Hard Bean from 1,200m-plus, with honey, washed and anaerobic micro-lots under ICAFE's regulated, traceable liquidation system.

Short truck runs from the Los Santos zone to port keep logistics simple; micro-lots consolidate into LCL and single-container specialty shipments.

Specialty roasters and Cup of Excellence bidders dominate; Costa Rica has largely priced itself out of the commercial-grade market.

Harvest runs November to March, peaking around January, with fresh-crop shipments February through July.

High land and labor costs, dependence on migrant Nicaraguan and Ngäbe pickers, and weather at flowering set the premium over softer Centrals.

Exports FOB Puerto Cortés, Central America's biggest container port, fed by dry mills in San Pedro Sula and the western highlands.

Volume washed arabica graded HG and SHG EP, with IHCAFE pushing quality and the Marcala denomination of origin topping the range.

Good road access to Cortés makes Honduras the region's cheapest washed-mild logistics chain, though drying-season rain can bottleneck mills.

German and US commercial roasters take the bulk as certified blend base, with a growing specialty tier buying Marcala and Santa Bárbara micro-lots.

Harvest runs November to April, with the shipment peak January through June.

Rain-hit drying and phenolic cup taint, leaf rust, hurricanes like Eta/Iota, and farmgate credit stress are the recurring differential movers.

Loads FOB Corinto on the Pacific after milling around Matagalpa and Sébaco, with overland routes to Honduran ports as backup.

Washed SHG EP arabica from the northern highlands, with prized Maragogipe and Pacamara pockets and a solid certified-coffee base.

Containerized flows through a small port; inland trucking is straightforward but export paperwork runs through a tightly state-controlled system.

US specialty and certified-commercial roasters historically dominate, though sanctions exposure has pushed some flow toward European and Asian buyers.

Harvest runs November to March, with shipments concentrated January through July.

Ortega-era politics and sanctions risk, leaf rust, and emigration draining farm labor are the swing factors on Nicaraguan differentials.

Ships FOB Acajutla on the Pacific, close to the Apaneca-Ilamatepec range where most Salvadoran coffee grows.

Heirloom Bourbon and El Salvador's own Pacamara, washed and honey SHG lots — Cup of Excellence pedigree in a shrinking national crop.

Short hauls from the western highlands to Acajutla; small national volume means consolidated containers and specialty LCL rather than programs.

Specialty roasters and auction bidders in Asia, the US and Europe chase Pacamara lots; commercial-grade exports have dwindled.

Harvest runs November to March, with fresh-crop shipments February through July.

Structurally declining production since the 2012 rust crisis, aging Bourbon stock, labor scarcity and land pressure keep supply the main risk.

Exports mainly FOB Veracruz on the Gulf, with Puerto Chiapas serving the Soconusco belt directly, after milling in Tapachula and Tuxtla.

Highland washed Altura arabica with one of the world's largest organic and Fairtrade certified shares, built on indigenous smallholder cooperatives.

Trucked from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas to port; USMCA proximity lets Mexican coffee reach US roasters faster than any other mild origin.

US commercial and certified roasters take the bulk, with cooperative-linked importers and specialty buyers on top for organic Chiapas lots.

Harvest runs November to March, with the shipment peak January through June.

Leaf rust, intermediary (coyote) pricing squeezing farmgate, migration of farm labor, and US demand cycles drive the differential.

Nominally FOB Balboa on the Pacific, though top Geisha micro-lots often leave Panama as airfreight after the Best of Panama auction.

Washed and natural Geisha from Boquete and Volcán estates — Hacienda La Esmeralda lineage — the highest-priced arabica genetics in the world.

Micro-lot logistics: vacuum-packed boxes, LCL and air shipments, with SCAP auction lots handled almost like fine wine rather than bulk coffee.

East Asian specialty buyers — Japan, Taiwan, China, Korea — dominate auction bidding, alongside trophy-seeking roasters in the US and Middle East.

Harvest runs roughly December to March, with the Best of Panama auction and fresh-lot releases following mid-year.

This tier trades on auction results and estate reputation, not the C — weather at flowering, competition results and Asian demand set prices.

Landlocked Ethiopia exports via Djibouti, with coffee trucked or railed from Addis Ababa mills after moving up from Gedeo-zone washing stations.

Grade 1 and 2 washed Yirgacheffe — floral, citric heirloom landrace cup — the benchmark for washed African specialty premiums.

Washing-station parchment flows through Addis processing, then the congested Djibouti corridor; ECX reforms now allow traceable vertical exports.

Specialty roasters and importers worldwide, with vertically integrated exporters and washing-station groups selling direct to premium buyers.

Harvest runs October to January, with fresh-crop shipments realistically December through June after milling and corridor delays.

Birr devaluation and FX-surrender rules, contract defaults when the C rallies, internal politics and Djibouti corridor friction move Ethiopian diffs.

Ships FOB Djibouti like all Ethiopian coffee, fed by sun-dried cherry from Sidama, Guji and Jimma smallholders via Addis mills.

Fruit-forward heirloom naturals — Grade 1 Sidama and Guji for specialty, Djimma 4/5 as the commercial workhorse with higher defect tolerance.

Dried cherry is hulled and graded in Addis, then trucked the Djibouti corridor; commercial naturals move in volume containers, specialty in smaller lots.

A split book: Middle Eastern and Sudanese commercial demand for Djimma grades, and global specialty roasters for Grade 1 Sidama/Guji naturals.

Harvest runs October to January, with shipments spread December through mid-year.

FX policy and birr moves, exporter default risk, regional unrest and Red Sea shipping disruption dominate the natural-arabica differential.

Exports FOB Mombasa after milling in Nairobi and Thika, with most coffee sold through the Nairobi Coffee Exchange auction.

SL28/SL34 washed arabica from cooperative factories, graded by screen — AA, AB, PB — with Nyeri and Kirinyaga top lots setting sharp premiums.

Parchment moves from co-op factories to licensed mills, then auction or direct sale, then road/rail to Mombasa for containerized shipment.

European and Japanese specialty buyers dominate the top of the auction, with trade houses and blenders absorbing lower grades.

Main crop harvests October to December and the fly crop June to July, with auction activity heaviest January through April.

Cooperative governance and payment delays, regulatory churn in auction rules, aging trees and urban land conversion drive Kenyan premiums.

Ships FOB Mombasa via the Northern Corridor from Kampala mills, Uganda being landlocked with UCDA-successor oversight of exports.

Mostly natural robusta screen 15/18 from the Lake Victoria crescent, with washed Bugisu arabica AA from Mt. Elgon as the premium exception.

Road and rail transit through Kenya to Mombasa adds time and cost; robusta moves in volume containers, Bugisu in smaller specialty parcels.

European blenders — Italian espresso demand especially — take the robusta, while specialty buyers pick up washed Elgon arabica lots.

Two overlapping crops give near year-round flow, with the main robusta peak shipping roughly November through February.

Mombasa corridor friction, EUDR traceability compliance, weather on the crescent and shilling moves swing Ugandan differentials.

Ships FOB Dar es Salaam, with northern coffee milled around Moshi and southern Mbeya coffee trucked the long haul east to the coast.

Washed arabica graded AA/AB/PB, Kenya-style prep from Kilimanjaro and the southern highlands, with peaberry a recognized niche premium.

Coffee clears the Moshi auction or direct-export window, then road to Dar; southern-highlands haulage is the costlier leg.

Japanese buyers have a long-standing attachment to Kilimanjaro and peaberry marks, alongside European specialty and commercial mild buyers.

Harvest runs roughly July to December across regions, with shipments concentrated October through March.

Auction-versus-direct-export rule changes, port and corridor congestion at Dar, aging trees and shilling policy move Tanzanian diffs.

Landlocked Rwanda exports in transit through Mombasa (or Dar es Salaam), after processing at hillside washing stations and Kigali dry mills.

Fully-washed red Bourbon, screen 15+ specialty preps from a washing-station model that transformed Rwanda into a premium origin.

Cherry goes to washing stations within hours of picking, parchment to Kigali mills, then a long overland transit leg to the Indian Ocean.

US and European specialty roasters and importers anchor demand, with NAEB-supported direct trade and Cup of Excellence lots on top.

Harvest runs March to July, with fresh-crop shipments June through November.

The antestia-linked potato defect, cherry-price competition between stations, landlocked freight costs and regional politics drive the differential.

Landlocked Burundi ships FOB Dar es Salaam in transit, from Kayanza-province washing stations via Bujumbura processing.

Fully-washed Bourbon from high-altitude smallholder cherry, capable of top specialty scores but exposed to the same potato-defect risk as Rwanda.

Long, slow overland transit to Dar es Salaam adds weeks and cost; small national volume moves in consolidated container flows.

Specialty importers and roasters in Europe, the US and Japan buy station lots; commercial grades go to regional and blender demand.

Harvest runs March to July, with shipments June through December after milling and transit.

Political instability, FX scarcity and state marketing interventions, plus potato taint and freight friction, dominate Burundian pricing.

Exports transit to FOB Mombasa (some via Dar), with Lake Kivu coffee crossing to regional mills and historically leaking informally into Rwanda.

Washed arabica from Lake Kivu highlands — Bourbon-based smallholder lots rebuilt around cooperative washing stations with strong specialty potential.

The hardest logistics in coffee: lake crossings, poor roads and long East African transit make every container slow and expensive.

Impact-oriented specialty importers and roasters, often via cooperative and NGO-supported programs rebuilding traceable supply chains.

Harvest runs roughly March to June (with regional variation), shipping mid-year into the fourth quarter.

Eastern-DRC conflict including M23, cross-border smuggling economics, FX and export-permit friction make this the highest-risk washed origin.

Ships FOB Abidjan, West Africa's main coffee gate, under the Conseil du Café-Cacao regulatory umbrella shared with cocoa.

Natural robusta, standard Grade 2-type export preps for blending and soluble use, well below Vietnamese uniformity on average.

Upcountry buying networks truck coffee to Abidjan for milling and containerized export, sharing infrastructure with the cocoa campaign.

European blenders and soluble manufacturers, with French and Italian trade links, take most Ivorian robusta.

Harvest runs roughly November to April, with exports concentrated in the first half of the calendar year.

Aging tree stock and chronically declining yields, farmgate price regulation, cocoa competing for land, and weather set the trajectory.

Ships FOB Douala, Cameroon's congested main port, with robusta from the Moungo basin and arabica trucked down from the western highlands.

Mostly natural robusta for blenders, with washed arabica pockets in the West and Northwest highlands (Boyo, Bamileke country) as the quality exception.

Douala port congestion and deteriorated upcountry roads are chronic; volumes have shrunk enough that flows are consolidated and irregular.

European blenders and soluble buyers for robusta; niche specialty and regional buyers for the highland arabica.

Robusta harvests roughly December to March and highland arabica October to January, with exports through the first half.

The Anglophone crisis overlapping the arabica zone, port friction, aging farms and weak farmgate incentives dominate Cameroonian supply.

Exports FOB Aden when feasible, with much coffee routed overland via Oman and out through Salalah because of the war and Red Sea risk.

Heirloom terraced naturals — Udaini and related landraces from Haraz and Bani Matar — dried on rooftops, trading at auction-level specialty prices.

Tiny lots move by truck through checkpoints to whichever port is open, then often airfreight or LCL; export paperwork is bespoke every time.

Gulf, Japanese and US specialty buyers, including auction platforms like Qima, pay some of the highest green prices outside Panama Geisha.

Harvest runs roughly October to January in the highlands, with shipments trickling out through the following year.

War, Houthi-related Red Sea disruption, FX collapse and qat competing for irrigated terraces keep Yemen supply tiny and price inelastic.

Loads FOB Ho Chi Minh City (Cat Lai terminal), fed by Dak Lak and Buon Ma Thuot farms via mills clustered around Binh Duong and Dong Nai.

Vietnam G2 5% blacks-and-broken screen 13 is the workhorse spec, with G1, wet-polished and screen 16/18 preps sold at premiums.

Efficient truck haul from the highlands to HCMC, huge container availability and exporter mills like Simexco and Intimex make this coffee's smoothest chain.

Nestlé and the soluble industry, global blenders, and every major trade house — this origin effectively sets the world robusta price.

Harvest runs October to January, with the new-crop shipment surge December through April.

Farmer hoarding on price views, dong policy, El Niño irrigation stress, terminal-market squeezes and crop-switching to durian move the differential.

Ships FOB Belawan out of Medan, drawing Gayo coffee from Takengon in Aceh and Lintong/Mandheling coffee from around Lake Toba.

Wet-hulled (giling basah) Grade 1 arabica, triple-picked, with the heavy body and low acidity that define the Mandheling and Gayo cup.

Collector networks aggregate tiny farm lots to Medan exporters; high-moisture wet-hulled coffee makes quality claims and weight loss a constant theme.

US specialty roasters (Starbucks' long Sumatra attachment), Japan, and dark-roast blenders prize it; certified Gayo cooperative lots add a premium tier.

A main harvest roughly September to December and a secondary crop mid-year give near year-round availability.

Rain during drying, fragmented smallholder supply, EUDR traceability demands and rupiah moves drive the Sumatran differential.

Ships FOB Surabaya (Tanjung Perak), the export hub for East Java robusta and Lampung-competing volume grades.

EK-1 export-grade natural robusta destined mainly for soluble, with Sulawesi Toraja washed arabica the premium exception in the Indonesian book.

Straightforward containerized flows through Surabaya, though inter-island consolidation from Sulawesi and beyond adds a feeder-vessel leg.

Soluble manufacturers and commercial blenders take EK-1, while Japanese buyers have a decades-long lock on top Toraja arabica.

Robusta harvest runs roughly April to September, with shipments concentrated mid-year through the fourth quarter.

Fast-growing Indonesian domestic consumption shrinking exportable surplus, weather, and rupiah moves are the main differential drivers.

Ships FOB Cochin (also Chennai and Mangalore), from Karnataka's Chikmagalur and Coorg estates under Coffee Board of India oversight.

Washed Plantation A, screen 17 bold-bean arabica, alongside the deliberately humidity-aged Monsooned Malabar AA niche prepared on the Malabar coast.

Estate coffee moves through curing works to Cochin; monsooning itself is a coastal warehousing process that adds months to the chain.

Italian espresso roasters have historically paid the premium for Indian washed arabica and Monsooned Malabar's low-acid, heavy-bodied profile.

Arabica harvests November to February, ships from the first quarter; monsooned lots follow after the June-September monsoon exposure.

Monsoon timing, white stem borer pressure on arabica, rupee moves and rising domestic consumption shape Indian differentials.

Ships FOB Cochin from the Karnataka and Kerala robusta belt, with curing works around Kushalnagar and Wayanad feeding the port.

Natural (cherry) robusta graded AB, topped by Kaapi Royale — India's premium washed-quality robusta prized for crema in espresso blends.

Well-established estate-to-curing-works-to-Cochin chain; containerized flows are routine and freight to Europe is competitive.

Italian espresso blenders pay structural premiums for Indian robusta over Vietnamese, alongside soluble and commercial blend demand.

Robusta harvests December to March, with the shipment peak February through July.

Monsoon behavior, domestic demand growth, rupee moves and the premium's spread versus Vietnam G2 decide the flow.

Ships FOB Lae, with parchment trucked from Goroka and Mount Hagen down the Highlands Highway to coastal mills and the wharf.

Washed, Typica-heavy smallholder arabica graded AA/A/X/Y, organic-by-default garden coffee with estate marks like Sigri at the top.

The Highlands Highway is the choke point — security incidents, landslips and road decay routinely delay coffee reaching Lae.

Australian, German and Japanese buyers are traditional homes, split between commercial Y-grade blenders and specialty AA/estate lots.

Harvest runs April to September, with the shipment peak June through November.

Highway security and infrastructure failure, tribal disputes, kina FX and smallholder input scarcity dominate PNG differentials.

Exports FOB Shanghai or sells EXW Pu'er, with the crop concentrated around Pu'er, Baoshan and Dehong near the Myanmar border.

Mostly commodity washed Catimor near C-level pricing, but a fast-improving specialty tier — better varieties and processing — now clears real premiums.

Long inland haul from Yunnan to coastal ports, though much coffee never leaves China as domestic roasters absorb the crop.

Chinese chains — Luckin, Starbucks China — and domestic roasters are the marginal buyer, with Nestlé's Pu'er buying legacy and export traders alongside.

Harvest runs November to March, with export availability late in the first half.

Explosive domestic demand pulling beans off the export market, highland frost, and the pace of the specialty upgrade set Yunnan's path.

Landlocked Laos exports in transit, mainly FOB Bangkok (with Vietnamese ports as alternates), from the Bolaven Plateau around Paksong.

A mixed book of natural robusta and improving washed arabica, with cooperative groups like CPC building a certified specialty tier.

Truck transit across Thailand or Vietnam under bond adds cost and time; volumes are small and consolidation is the norm.

Regional traders in Vietnam and Thailand absorb robusta, while specialty importers in Europe and Asia buy washed Bolaven arabica lots.

Harvest runs roughly November to March, with shipments through the first half of the year.

Landlocked transit friction, Chinese investment reshaping farmgate competition, and thin processing infrastructure drive pricing.

Nominally ships FOB Laem Chabang, but most Thai arabica from Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai never leaves the country.

Washed highland arabica rooted in Royal Project opium-substitution plantings, with a lively domestic specialty scene around Doi Chang and Doi Tung.

Short domestic supply chains to Bangkok roasters; exports are token specialty lots rather than programmatic container flows.

Thai roasters and café chains absorb nearly everything at prices above export parity, leaving only showcase lots for foreign specialty buyers.

Harvest runs November to February, with domestic fresh-crop releases in the first quarter.

Domestic demand keeping prices above world parity, import competition under trade rules, and highland weather define this origin.

Ships FOB Manila for the little that exports, with robusta grown mainly in Mindanao (Bukidnon, Sultan Kudarat) and Barako in Batangas-Cavite.

Commercial natural robusta plus Barako — rare Coffea liberica with a bold, distinctive cup — a domestic favourite with heritage cachet.

Inter-island consolidation from Mindanao to Luzon; the Philippines is a structural net importer, so export flows are marginal.

Nestlé Philippines' soluble plants are the dominant robusta buyer domestically; Barako sells into local cafés and niche diaspora demand.

Harvest runs roughly October to March across islands, with any export lots moving in the first half.

Typhoons, low yields on aging farms, and domestic demand absorbing supply keep the Philippines a revival story rather than an export force.

Ships FOB Dili, drawing smallholder parchment from Ermera and Letefoho districts down mountain roads to the capital.

Organic-by-default washed arabica from the origin of the Timor Hybrid — the catimor ancestor — with old Typica stands in the mix.

Cooperativa Café Timor's mill network anchors processing; small national volume ships in consolidated containers on thin vessel rotations.

The NCBA-linked CCT-Starbucks relationship anchors demand, with fair-trade and specialty importers taking the rest.

Harvest runs May to September, with shipments August through December.

Aging unpruned trees and very low yields, rural infrastructure, and dependence on a few anchor buyers dominate Timorese supply.

Ships FOB Honolulu after consolidation from Big Island farms and mills along the Kona coast of Hawaii Island.

Protected Kona appellation arabica graded Extra Fancy, Fancy and Number 1 by size and defects, with strict 100%-Kona labeling defended in court.

US domestic freight — inter-island barge to Oahu then mainland container or air — keeps costs high but customs-free for American buyers.

US specialty roasters, Hawaiian tourism retail and Japanese gift-market demand absorb the micro-volume at some of coffee's highest farmgate prices.

Harvest runs August to January, with fresh-crop availability into the following spring.

Coffee berry borer, the 2020 arrival of leaf rust, extreme labor costs and blend-labeling litigation are Kona's defining risks.

Ships FOB Kingston under JACRA certification, famously packed in wooden barrels rather than jute bags for top grades.

Elevation-defined Blue Mountain arabica (roughly 3,000-5,500 ft), graded No. 1 to 3 plus peaberry under a legally protected certification mark.

Tiny, tightly controlled export program — barrels and boxed lots move as LCL and airfreight, with JACRA paperwork on every shipment.

Japan has historically taken the large majority of the crop at fixed premium prices, with US and UK luxury retail on the remainder.

Harvest runs roughly August to March in the Blue Mountains, with certified exports spread through the year.

Hurricanes (Beryl in 2024 hit hard), berry borer, tiny inelastic supply and dependence on Japanese demand set this auction-level price.